Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

List of Personal Pronouns and Question Word Type

 

List of Personal Pronouns
       Personal pronouns take the place of specific nouns (the names of people, places or things). Basically, they are used instead of a specific name to avoid repetition and to help ease the flow of sentences.

We usually inject personal pronouns into a sentence when the name of the noun has been previously mentioned, so that the reader will know what is being referred to. For example:

          Richard bought a new laptop three months ago. He absolutely loves it.
In the second sentence, there are two personal pronouns. The personal pronoun “he” takes the place of “Richard” while the personal pronoun “it” takes the place of “laptop.”

In this article you can review a list of personal pronouns, as well as examples of their various uses.

Types of Personal Pronouns
       There are two types of personal pronouns: subject and object. Subject Pronouns – Subject pronouns (I, You, He, She, It, They, We) replace the name of the subject in the sentence. Example: Mrs. Yen did not come to school yesterday. She had to go to the doctor. “Mrs. Yen” is the subject and “she” is the subject pronoun.
           Object Pronouns – Object pronouns (Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them) take the place of the object in the sentence (the noun that receives the action in a sentence). Example: After Colleen bought a bike, it got stolen within a week, “it” is the object pronoun used to replace “bike.”
Selecting Personal Pronouns
           Personal pronouns help us to avoid constantly repeating the same noun over and over. The noun that is replaced is called the antecedent. Paying close attention to the antecedent will help you choose the correct personal pronoun.

Example: President Obama delivered a speech on health care reform. He spoke for more than an hour. “President Obama” is the antecedent to the personal pronoun “he.”
        To avoid confusion in sentences, it is important to choose the right personal pronoun that agrees in number (singular or plural), person (first, second, or third person), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), and case (subject, object, possessive).

I or Me?
            Another source of headache is the use of the subject pronoun “I” and the object pronoun “me.”

Example: Jennifer and I are meeting in San Francisco in July. Why not Jennifer and me? Because “I” is part of the subject of the sentence.
Example: They gave the promotion to me. Why not I? Because “me” is the object of the sentence.
Additional Resources on Pronouns
Take a personal pronoun quiz at ESLdesk and ESLPartyland.
The University of Ottawa Writing Centre has a good overview of pronouns.
BBC Skillswise has a load of personal pronoun activities (worksheets, games, quizzes).
This article is one of many resources on YourDictionary on the subject of pronouns.

Question Types

There are three basic question types:

·         Yes/No: the answer is “yes or no”

·         Question-word: the answer is “information”

·         Choice: the answer is “in the question”

We look at these in more detail below.

Yes/No questions

Sometimes the only answer that we need is yes or no. Look at these examples:

auxiliary verb	subject	not	main verb		answer: yes or no
Do	you		want	dinner?	Yes, I do.
Can	you		drive?		No, I can’t.
Has	she	not	finished	her work?	Yes, she has.
Did	they		go	home?	No, they didn’t.

Exception! Main verb be in Present Simple and Past Simple:

main verb be	subject
Is	Anne	French?
Was	Ram	at home?

Question-word questions

            Sometimes we want more than yes or no for an answer. When asking for information, we usually place a question-word at the beginning of the sentence. The question-word indicates the information that we want, for example: where (place), when (time), why (reason), who (person). Look at these examples:

question word	auxiliary verb	not	subject	main verb		answer: information
Where	do		you	live?		In Paris.
When	will		we	have	lunch?	At 1pm.
Why	has	n’t	Tara	done	it?	Because she can’t.
Who(m)	did		she	meet?		She met Ram.
Who*	has			run	out?	Ati has run out.
Who**				ran	out?	Ati ran out.

*When the question-word is who, it acts as the subject.
**In Present Simple and Past Simple tenses, there is no auxilary verb withwho.

Exception. Main verb be in Present Simple and Past Simple:

question word	main verb be	subject
Where	is	Bombay?
How	was	she?

Choice questions

Sometimes we give our listener a choice. We ask them to choose between two possible answers. So their answer is (usually) already in the question. Look at these examples:

auxiliary verb	subject	main verb		or		answer: in question
Do	you	want	tea	or	coffee?	Coffee, please.
Will	we	meet	John	or	James?	John.

Exception. Main verb be in Present Simple and Past Simple:

main verb be	subject		OR
Is	your car	white	or	black?
Were	they	$15	or	$50?

These pages show the three basic types of question. There are other types of question, for example

The following list of pronouns gives you a description of the various types of pronouns along with examples for each type.

Personal Pronouns

These are pronouns that refer mostly to human beings. However, the word ‘it’ does not refer to human beings, but is a Personal Pronoun.

So, we have a more grammatical way of defining Personal Pronouns so that we can include the hapless it in the Personal Pronoun family.

A Personal Pronoun is a pronoun which belongs to any of the three grammatical persons.

The list of pronouns which belong to this group are: I, we, you, he, she, it, and they.

Often you’ll find Personal Pronouns divided into:

Subjective Pronouns (I, we, you, he, she, it, they)

Objective Pronouns (me, us, you, him, her, it, them)

Possessive Pronouns (mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs;
with also the following ones, which strictly speaking, are adjectives – my, our, your, her, their).
Just remember that these three so-called “types” are not really different types.
They are just different Case forms of one type of pronoun, i.e. Personal Pronouns.

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Compound Personal Pronouns

There are two sub-types of these pronouns: Reflexive pronouns and Intensive pronouns. These two sub-types have the same forms, but different functions.

Same Forms

According to form, we can call these pronouns Compound Personal Pronouns.

A list of pronouns of this kind are:
myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves.

Different Functions

Depending on the function, we divide the Compound Personals into the two types we mentioned.

Reflexive Pronouns

These pronouns function as grammatical objects or complements which mirror the subject, as in…

herself—She blamed herself for the mishap.
himself—He is himself today.
Intensive Pronouns

These pronouns act as appositives of nouns or pronouns for the sake of emphasis, as in the examples below…

yourself—You yourself wrote those words.
themselves—This request came from the employees themselves.
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Demonstrative Pronouns

These pronouns point out someone or something. They are identical in form to Demonstrative Adjectives/Determiners.

The difference is that…

a Demonstrative Pronoun stands alone (because it is a substitute for a noun or noun phrase),
but a Demonstrative Adjective is accompanied by the noun it modifies.
Here are two examples to show the difference:

She gave me this gift. (this – Demonstrative Adjective)
I like this. (this – Demonstrative Pronoun)
More examples of Demonstrative Pronouns:

these – These are my children.
that – That is a good idea.
those – The streets of Chennai are more crowded than those of Kodaikanal.
such – Such are the people whom you once trusted.
Indefinite Pronouns

These pronouns do stand for some person or thing, but we don’t know for exactly whom.

When we say, “Somebody stole my watch,” we don’t know to whom the word somebody refers to. The word somebody is an Indefinite Pronoun.

A list of pronouns of this type are…

one – One should speak the truth.
somebody – Somebody immediately called the doctor.
anybody – Anybody can solve this problem.
nobody – Nobody was present.
many – Many are called, but few are chosen.
others – Do good to others.
you – You don’t take coal to Newcastle, or coconuts to Kerala!
they – They say that a poor workman blames his tools.
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Distributive Pronouns

These pronouns refer to individual elements in a group or a pair, one individual at a time.

Here’s a list of pronouns of this type…

each – “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.”
either – You may answer either of these (two) questions first.
neither – Neither of the answers is correct.
any – You may bring any of your friends.
none – None of our students failed last year.